X rays are electromagnetic radiation. X-rays are very energetic portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and have short wavelengths of about 0.1 to 100 Angstroms (Å). They are bounded by ultraviolet light at long wavelengths and gamma rays at short wavelengths. X-rays in the range from 50 to 100 Å are termed soft X-rays because they […]
Short Tandem Repeats or STRs
Introduction Eukaryotic genomes are full of repeated DNA sequences . These repeated DNA sequences come in all types of sizes and are typically designated by the length of the core repeat unit and the number of contiguous repeat units or the overall length of the repeat region. 1. Long repeat units may contain several hundred […]
Open Systems Interconnection Model (OSI)
The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model is a reference model which was developed by the ISO (International Organisation for Standardisation) in 1984, as a conceptual framework of standards for communication in the network across different equipment and applications. It has now been considered the primary architectural model for inter-computing and inter-networking communications. The OSI model […]
Types of Cyber Crime
Cyber crime can be referred to as any illegal or criminal activity involving computer systems or networks. Although there is no single definition for cyber crime, it can be largely grouped into three types – those crimes that are committed with computer as the target; those, where a computer system serves as a tool or […]
Class and Individual Characteristics of Handwriting
A questioned document expert examines two elements viz, class and individual characteristics of handwriting to come to a conclusion regarding the authorship of handwriting. Lets learn in detail what these characteristics are all about. Class Characteristics are those writing features common to a group i.e. the common pattern of handwriting, letters, their shape which are […]
Basic Principles of Handwriting Identification
Identification of handwriting assumes great importance in court of law when the authenticity of handwriting/signature is questioned. Sir Ordway Hilton gave five Basic Principles of Handwriting Identification with their corollaries to guide us in the process of handwriting identification. Let us have a look at these rules: Rule 1. Each mature writer has a handwriting […]